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Low mortgage charges, sneaky homebuying methods, and stepping into (and out of) debt, Lindsey Iskierka‘s story has all of it. Because the lead actual property agent on the SoCal David Greene staff, Lindsey is within the thick of actual property day in and day trip. However she’s not simply serving to others purchase and promote properties, she additionally boasts a good rental property portfolio, with 4 models sprawled out throughout the states in three utterly totally different markets. And despite the fact that Lindsey is in the actual property sport now, it wasn’t at all times this fashion.
Again in 2015, Lindsey wasn’t making a lot after getting her grad diploma. Along with her husband taken with actual property, they determined to go to a seminar, which later became a $40K debt they needed to climb their method out of. Lindsey determined to get her actual property license to not solely assist repay this debt however save sufficient to purchase their first residence—a home hack in Lengthy Seaside. It didn’t take lengthy for the house to understand, leaving Lindsey and her husband with a tough alternative—promote or refi the property.
We received’t spoil the story, however her alternative allowed her to purchase a number of different models throughout the nation, which has now change into a portfolio of short-term and medium-term leases. Lindsey additionally provides some killer recommendation on how first-time homebuyers and buyers can snag rock-bottom mortgage charges in 2023. We’re speaking two p.c decrease than right now’s price! If you wish to hear how one can lock in a price under 5 p.c, we propose you stick round!
Ashley:
That is Actual Property Rookie, episode 247.
Lindsey:
And there’s a program that was not too long ago launched referred to as the 2-1 buydown. It’s not an adjustable price mortgage. Mainly, it’s saying, “Hey, charges right now are 6%,” which do 6% for simple math. For the primary yr that you just personal the property, you’re going to have 4% rate of interest. The second yr you personal the property, you’re at a 5% rate of interest. 12 months three, you go to six%. There’s no pre-payment penalty and it’s not an adjustable price the place you’re topic to the market price at the moment. So in three years, if charges are 10%, 11%, 12%, we are able to’t even fathom that, proper? However charges have been there.
Ashley:
My identify is Ashley Kehr and I’m right here with my co-host Tony Robinson.
Tony:
And welcome to the Actual Property Rookie Podcast, the place each week, twice every week, we’ll carry you the inspiration, motivation, and tales you’ll want to hear to kickstart your investing journey. And I wish to begin off right now’s episode by shouting out Nick Halden 5621, who left us a five-star evaluate on Apple Podcasts. Nick stated, “I not too long ago began listening to podcasts and I actually like the way in which each of you conduct the present, the way in which you ask questions, the way in which you share your experiences, it actually provides quite a lot of perception and information to somebody like me who’s planning to purchase his first funding property. Sustain the nice work.” Nick Halden, we recognize you, brother.
And when you’re listening to the present and you haven’t but left us an sincere score and evaluate, please do on Apple, Spotify, no matter platform information you’re listening to. The extra opinions we get, the extra people we may help. And serving to people is what we do round Isn’t that proper, Ashley?
Ashley:
Sure, it’s. And talking of all of our great listeners, particularly those that depart us five-star opinions, we’re going to be in Denver on February twenty third, with nearly all the podcast host from each greater pockets podcasts, and we’re going to be having a meetup in Denver. So be sure you guys go to greater pockets.com/occasions to take a look at what we have now in retailer for you in Denver. And when you guys need us to come back to your metropolis, ship a DM to the Greater Pockets Instagram account, or to myself or Tony at Wealth Agency Leases or at TonyJRobinson and tell us the place you guys need us to come back.
Tony:
Effectively right now we’ve acquired a tremendous episode. We’ve got somebody who’s considerably related to the Greater Pockets ecosystem. We acquired Lindsey Iskierka and he or she works with David Greene. A few of you guys might know that identify from the opposite Greater Pockets Actual Property podcast. However Lindsey comes on, and he or she’s only a wealth of data, each as an investor and as an agent. And we speak about either side of that equation as we undergo the episode.
Ashley:
A few of my favourite classes and takeaway from this episode are speaking about totally different markets, 1031 exchanges, after which additionally the present market, which we had this drastic change from excessive housing pricing, low rates of interest, and now it has shifted to excessive rates of interest and decrease costs. And Lindsey, I believe explains why this truly will be a bonus to you as an investor and only a purchaser on this market right now.
Lindsey, welcome to the present. Thanks a lot for becoming a member of us. Are you able to begin off telling us a little bit bit about your self and the way you bought began in actual property?
Lindsey:
Yeah, completely satisfied to. First off, thanks for having me. It’s a pleasure to lastly speak to you guys and join right here. So my identify is Lindsey Iskierka and I’ve been in actual property since 2015, acquired my actual property license, purchased my first funding property in 2016 and since about Could 2021, I’ve served as David’s companion and lead actual property agent for the Southern California actual property gross sales staff. So, assist buyers purchase, promote, make investments, home hack, short-term leases, mid-term leases, long-term leases, we do all of it. And actual property’s my life and I like what I do.
Ashley:
And that’s the David, David Greene that you’re speaking about.
Lindsey:
Completely proper. For clarification
Ashley:
You in all probability don’t must say his final identify, however simply to make clear. So Lindsey, once you acquired your license, this was earlier than you truly began investing then,. That got here first?
Lindsey:
Absolutely after I knew I needed to spend money on actual property, however we simply didn’t get began fairly but. However I’ve an attention-grabbing story as to how I even acquired into it and I’ll in all probability go into that, but-
Ashley:
Let’s hear that proper now. I might love to listen to it.
Lindsey:
So I don’t suggest my begin to actual property to anyone, however it’s my story and right here we go. So after grad faculty, I met my now husband and he had an curiosity in actual property investing. Actual property was not on my radar. Nobody in my household spend money on actual property, owns properties. I’ve one reminiscence of my dad and mom shopping for a home once I was seven they usually nonetheless reside in that home right now. Actual property simply actually wasn’t even on my radar or a wealth constructing technique I had heard of. After grad faculty, I used to be making 14 bucks an hour, considering there’s acquired to be a greater method right here. And I met my husband. And on the time, he had an curiosity in actual property investing however hadn’t gotten storage but. [inaudible 00:05:02] in fact. After which we went to a type of free seminars that’s supposed to show you every part you’ll want to learn about actual property investing.
One factor led to a different. Subsequent factor we all know, we had been $40,000 in debt. We had purchased a type of guru packages. And whereas I’m grateful for that have and what it made me do, it was, they promise you the world, they promise you they’re going to show you every part you’ll want to know. And in actuality, it wasn’t. We had been simply thus far again by way of our purpose. So we needed to get actual and paid this debt off. And a method that we determined to do this, moved in with my grandmother. We rented a room from her for a yr and a half. And so we acquired married throughout that point. So newlyweds going again to grandma’s home, you may think about.
However we had a purpose in thoughts, and I acquired my actual property license at the moment. So, then inside a yr we had been in a position to repay that $40,000 in debt and save up reserves to purchase our first home hack. And so, whereas I don’t suggest these packages to anybody, it served its objective for our story and I’m truly actually grateful for that have. I don’t know if I might be the place I’m right now if we didn’t endure that. In order that’s how I acquired began. And so getting my license was a method to assist repay debt. However I had grinded, I labored actually, actually exhausting, constructed my enterprise over 5 years earlier than assembly David Greene. And in order that was how we acquired began.
Tony:
So Lindsey, first thanks for sharing the exhausting a part of your journey by way of getting began. And the same factor in my journey as properly the place my companion and I, we spent not fairly $40,000, we spent $20,000 on a program like that. This system was extra so centered on educating you change into an residence syndicator, do industrial actual property. And after we, joined, we did zero industrial offers. And I at all times assume, man, was it a waste of $20,000? However via that program, I grew to become actually good pals with the man who launched me to quick time period leases. And it’s like, had I not achieved that program, would I’ve discovered this asset class? Would our portfolio folks we’re at right now? Would I even be on this podcast?
Although it’s at all times tremendous crappy to need to undergo these conditions, it’s like if yow will discover that silver lining and use that as your motivation to maintain going forth, and there’s perhaps nonetheless some worth in that. So I simply wish to know, how did you not get discouraged? You invested all this cash, you had these massive desires of every part that was going to occur, didn’t end up the way in which you needed to, you moved again in along with your grandparents, it’s nearly like a worst case state of affairs. So how did you, even with all that occurred, keep motivated to proceed shifting ahead and actually nonetheless take your begin in actual property investing?
Lindsey:
Actually good query. I believe we had a robust why. We had been already planning our function collectively and I assumed, “Okay, what I’m uncovered to, it is smart.” I do know this may work and this wasn’t it, however right here’s what we’re going to do. And after we lived in southern California, so it’s very troublesome, very costly market to begin investing. And we thought, “Okay, if we’re going to personal a house, we have now to accommodate hack.” There’s actually no different solution to get began. And we simply had a powerful sufficient conviction that he and I can do it collectively. This program wasn’t what we hoped it could be, however such as you stated, I did find yourself having some relationships with those that I don’t know if I might have if I didn’t undergo that program. And alternatives got here from there and it gave me hope that there’s a greater method and I knew this might work and I simply hadn’t discovered it but.
So put my head down, I noticed, and I fell in love with actual property. That was one other factor too. I beloved it. And that stage solely grew stronger as I noticed the potential for it. So I knew the trail that we had been occurring earlier than was not the precise path, and we hit a pace bump right here, however what can I be taught from this? I might argue that is also what makes a profitable investor. Since you’re going to make dangerous selections, you’re going to make dangerous choices otherwise you’re going to need to pivot and say, That didn’t work. Now what.” However you may at all times discover the lesson and the blessing in every part. So we’re blessed that we additionally had been put able as a more moderen couple to have conversations about cash. We needed to have actual talks about how we’re going to repay this debt, what are we going to do? How are we going to come back collectively and do it?
So talks about cash weren’t taboo to us, it wasn’t a combating level, it wasn’t a troublesome level for us. And I’m grateful for that very early on. So, a number of mixtures and simply his assist. He was so supportive of me and he believed in me that I may do that. As a result of he was in legislation enforcement, and so he was actually the regular, W2, not many versatile hours. I had extra versatile hours and I used to be set off to enter this actual property factor. And he had such perception in me that I assumed, I’ve no different alternative. I’ve to make this work. So how am I going to make this work? And in the end, we knew home hacking could be the easiest way to get began. And in paying off that debt, I constructed a reasonably good actual property enterprise for my first yr being an agent. So it simply all began to come back along with constant motion.
Tony:
I like your story thus far, Lindsey, and I can simply see the motivation coming off your face, however I wish to, earlier than we go too far, I simply wish to, when you can let the listeners know what does your portfolio seem like right now? What number of models do you’ve got? The place are these models unfold out? As a result of quite a lot of actual property brokers, despite the fact that they may do a ton of transactions a yr as an actual property agent, they may personal zero actual property themselves.
Lindsey:
Sure. However they’re investor pleasant, proper?
Tony:
However they’re investor pleasant. So what does your portfolio seem like right now?
Lindsey:
Positive. So we have now offered a couple of of our homes this yr. We’re in the course of our second 1031 alternate proper now. However because it stands right now, we personal 4 properties. Two of these are short-term leases. One is a long-term rental that we’re truly going to begin renovating and turning it right into a midterm rental for higher money move. After which we have now a main. In order that’s the place it’s proper now. However we’re actively shopping for, searching for extra offers and actually needed to, in all probability greater than double that subsequent yr.
Ashley:
Lindsey, are you able to clarify actual fast what a 1031 alternate is?
Lindsey:
Completely. So 1031 alternate, it’s a tax deferring technique for actual property buyers. So anytime you promote a property, it’s an funding property, which means non-owner occupied, you don’t reside in it, you’re a topic to capital good points tax. So what buyers do, and it’s an effective way to scale a portfolio, is you are taking the earnings from promoting that property, you instantly roll all these proceeds into the acquisition of one other property. And so that you keep away from the capital good points tax.
And it’s an effective way to scale. It’s an effective way to purchase a much bigger asset or get into a brand new asset class and it’s utilized by buyers to scale a portfolio extra faster and also you keep away from taxes. So, it’s our second one which we’re doing. First one labored out properly too. That was from our home hack that we did. And if you wish to do a 1031 alternate or occupied with doing it, you’ll want to be sure you have a QI, certified middleman, that can assist you with that transaction. Actually necessary piece of the puzzle. After which an agent that is aware of what that’s and is aware of what is required once you get into escrow to be sure that it truly goes via. And it can save you tens of hundreds of {dollars} in taxes when you do that appropriately.
Ashley:
Lindsey, I wish to speak about and begin stepping into a few of your offers. So what markets are you at present investing in for these properties that you’ve?
Lindsey:
So personally, our first home hack was in Lengthy Seaside, California. So coastal city in southern LA County. Proper on the border of LA Orange and County proper there. That’s the place I began. After which we thought it was a good suggestion to 1031 alternate that property into three homes within the Midwest. And people cities that we invested in had been Kansas Metropolis, Missouri, Birmingham, Alabama. And so we had been in these two markets for a little bit bit. We additionally now personal a short-term rental in Kalispell, Montana. It’s proper close to Glacier Nationwide Park. I personally love nationwide parks for brief time period leases. I simply assume it’s at all times going to be a market or a key part of the market that I wish to select for my very own investments. So we have now that, however we nonetheless personal one property in Kansas Metropolis, Missouri. After which we’ve offered the opposite ones. And I personal once more in Joshua Tree, is my different short-term rental.
Ashley:
With the 1031 alternate, so once you offered that one property, you obtain these three with the funds from that first property. So what made you resolve to, how did you even start to search out these three different markets? Are you able to stroll us via that course of?
Lindsey:
I can, positively. So it was an attention-grabbing time in our life. So I might’ve home hacked longer. And that’s one thing that perhaps we’ll get into in a little bit bit as properly. Our household was rising, we had been anticipating [inaudible 00:13:45] and I assumed we’re out of area the place we at present are at. And so we moved out of our first home hack, rented it out. It was money flowing, but it surely wanted some main repairs. We didn’t have the capital on the time to exchange each roofs and redo the plumbing. It wanted quite a lot of work. However we had fairness and we thought, okay, we wish to scale. How can we make this property work for us? A cash-out refinance didn’t work. We did a VA zero-down mortgage on it, so only a [inaudible 00:14:13] and money out refinance. Finally, simply actually didn’t depart us with sufficient fairness to actually do a lot with. The one possibility was to promote it.
And I needed to maintain that property, however simply on the time we needed to decide. Made sense to promote it. While you do a 1031 alternate, you’ve got a really fast timeline by way of when you must determine the properties that you just’re going to purchase. On the time that we had been doing this, I had a new child and an 18-month-old and didn’t actually have a ton of power or information about different markets the place I may handle renovations, I may do all the totally different sides of shopping for a number of properties. So we turned to turnkey. We’ve been Greater Pockets listeners for a few years already. I’ve been listening to Greater Pockets since 2015. So we had heard about turnkey investments, the professionals and cons. At the moment, turnkey properties made essentially the most sense for us in that life stage. We had been in a position to see the properties on a spreadsheet and say, okay, the place’s the perfect ROI? What are the perfect neighborhoods which are accessible that we are able to determine inside that 45-day interval to fulfill the purpose that we needed to have for the 1031 alternate to undergo?
So to not get too difficult with 1031 exchanges, you must meet a sure property worth restrict and also you additionally need to breach your correct mortgage quantity restrict. So all of the items of the puzzle made it in order that we had been turnkey properties and what accessible stock that they had for us to fulfill these necessities. We selected Kansas Metropolis, Missouri as a result of my husband’s sister truly was in medical faculty in Kansas Metropolis, Missouri. And she or he was in a position to inform us in these suburbs of Kansas Metropolis the place the higher areas had been. She stated, “Oh, you wish to go over right here, go over right here, keep away from this space.” Thought nice. After which Birmingham, Alabama truly had some actually nice ROIs based on the spreadsheet we’re it. It was proper subsequent to downtown Birmingham. That was the perfect performing property that we had. So it was on a whim. We knew we needed Kansas Metropolis out of the alternatives that we had primarily based on the boots on the bottom information that we had entry to. However apart from that, it was simply, “This’ll work, this’ll work.” We’ve got to decide on the markets.
Tony:
Lindsey, I simply wish to circle again actually shortly on that call you made about refinancing versus promoting the property. You stated that doing a refinance, you wouldn’t be capable of faucet into all the fairness. Are you able to simply elaborate on what you imply by that? Why can’t you entry all the fairness in a cash-out refinance?
Lindsey:
So we had been going to do a cash-out refinance, we may solely pull out 70% of the LTV. On the time, we had about, or that’s loaned to worth. So we had purchased the property for 750 in 2016. By the point it hit 2018, early 2019, it was price 950. So we had 200,000 inequity. And if we’re going to do a cash-out refinance after doing all the maths, we had been solely left with $65,000, $70,000 that we may truly put in the direction of a purchase order of one other property as a result of we put zero down.
So when you’ve got fairness, you must additionally take into consideration how a lot did I put into the deal? And with this one, since we didn’t have any, it actually ate away at that plus. So we had been doing the maths, it didn’t make sense for us to let this property go and we actually couldn’t do far more to it. And we had some exhausting tenants that gave us the concept, let’s simply do away with this one. It’s served as objective, let’s transfer on. So if we had been refinance, we had great tenants, it might need been a distinct story, however nonetheless, the cash that we had entry to after the refinance, was not sufficient for us to really feel like we may repair up the property to carry onto it long run and to scale.
Ashley:
I believe that was an ideal clarification as a result of I believe we get quite a lot of questions like that and we see folks submit within the Actual Property Rookie Fb group as to listed here are my two choices, which one ought to I do? And I believe you probably did, the factor that everyone ought to take away from that is, you ran the numbers on each, what’s going to, the end result, when you go both path, what are you going to be left with?
So, in case you are going, say you’ve got this quantity of capital accessible, are you going to place all of it into one home? Are you going to unfold it out over a number of homes? We’ll use these situations and run the numbers, and what’s it going to seem like in a yr? What’s it going to seem like in 5 years? And that’s what you probably did with both refinancing or promoting and also you regarded, what capital do you’ve got left and what are you able to do with it? So I believe that was an ideal instance of how operating the numbers and simply doing that evaluation on these situations as an alternative of similar to, eeny, meeny, miny, moe, catch tiger by the toe, I’m going to go refinance.
Lindsey:
We needed to. Humorous factor too is, that is one thing to notice is that at the moment we questioned if we had been on the high of the market. We had $200,000 in fairness as new buyers. That was fairly enticing. And we thought, gosh, what if the values do go down? That is in 2018, early 2019, pre pandemic. We thought we had been on the high of the market or there was chatter about that. So I needed to take that into consideration. If we don’t promote it and I refinance, can we make these repairs on the property, have it nonetheless money move? As a result of we had an ideal rate of interest, and charges had been up at that time. So can we make this work? And in the end, it simply didn’t. And we thought, “Hey, we have now to make a transfer right here. Listed below are the choices that we have now.”
So we at the very least made a transfer. And I believe that’s one thing I really need the rookies on right here to concentrate to is, taking motion, despite the fact that it’s not the best possible motion, it’s higher than not taking any motion in any respect. I believe individuals are so afraid of creating a mistake and that’s inevitable. You’re going to make some errors and that’s okay. However the necessary level is to take constant motion with the accessible info that you’ve at hand along with your trusted staff, your advisors, and transfer the needle ahead, nevertheless that will look in that state of affairs.
Ashley:
You hit it proper on Lindsey, that, so centered on making the precise choice. However typically both choice can work out for you. Don’t get so centered on maximizing the money move. That’s why there’s extra offers to be achieved, particularly your first deal. Don’t waste time truly taking motion by stepping into that evaluation paralysis of what’s the easiest way to do that? I wish to maximize and pinch each single penny, however simply getting began, that’s going to provide the momentum to go and provides extra offers. And that’s going to finish up providing you with a greater return beginning now than ready till you’ve lastly determined that is the route you’re going to take.
Lindsey:
Now you may not afford that property.
Ashley:
Yeah, that’s an ideal level
Lindsey:
Since you waited to lengthy.
Ashley:
And the way you had been speaking concerning the market, the way you had been considering perhaps it’s the highest of the market, we must always promote it now too, is one thing if, you went and refinanced and also you pulled out that fairness after which impulsively values did drop, however one thing comes up the place now you do need to exit the property and now it’s not price what you had drawn out in fairness too. So there’s at all times that threat and that’s one thing, guys did an ideal job of foreseeing if these issues had been to occur together with operating the numbers too.
Lindsey:
Thanks for that.
Tony:
Lindsey, you additionally talked about that a part of the explanation you offered was due to the, not points, however perhaps the tenants weren’t your best tenant. Have been you self-managing this property or what did that relationship seem like with these tenants?
Lindsey:
Ooh, actually good query. So partly sure, we did a property administration for the again home. So simply to provide you a fast structure, it was a entrance home, a little bit craftsman home within the entrance that we lived in. There was a duplex within the again, the duplex within the again had units of tenants and we had property administration for that. A part of it was as a result of, like I stated, my husband was in legislation enforcement, he needed security, he needed folks to not hassle us if that they had issues, they need us to see us because the dangerous guys. We needed to behave like, “Hey, we’re tenants too. You go speak to the property supervisor and never assume that we’re those elevating hire.”
Tony:
They didn’t even know that you just guys had been the house owners. No.
Lindsey:
Oh wow. The primary set of tenants did, as a result of they noticed us shifting.
Tony:
So that they’re shifting in, you’re like, man, these landlords, they type of suck guys, be careful for them.
Lindsey:
I do know. [inaudible 00:22:18].
We needed to play it up and it labored. As a result of we had been the identical age group, roughly, they usually believed it. And it wasn’t till we had a principal waterline backup that one in every of my tenants noticed me strolling the property with a contractor and he or she’s like, ‘Wait, are you paying for all this?” I used to be like, “Okay, fantastic. We personal the property.” They caught me at that waterline to care for. In order that half was property administration. We lower that as property administration.
Once we moved out of the entrance home and we purchased one other main residence, after we moved out of that entrance home, we determined to do part 8 and we used a VA program truly referred to as the VA VASH program. And primarily, a piece 8 for veterans. So we needed to do good with our housing. We had this excellent home in an ideal a part of Lengthy Seaside and we thought, “Okay, we might not get most hire right here, however how can we use this home for good?” So we put a army household in there the place they had been making an attempt to undergo faculty, they couldn’t actually afford hire within the space. And in order that made us really feel good by placing army housing, offering housing for veterans, which may be very near us. My husband’s a veteran too, clearly we used the VA mortgage, so we needed to do good with the home that we had. So we did that. However issues simply turned a little bit sideways with a few of our tenants, and it’s okay, we discovered classes, however they weren’t that best.
Ashley:
I believe that is the primary time anyone’s ever talked about this program. Are you able to perhaps clarify it a little bit extra?
Lindsey:
It’s a beautiful program. I’m so glad we discovered it. Mainly it’s sponsored by the VA they usually work proper alongside HUD. And primarily, it really works similar to part 8. Your unit is valued by the zip code and variety of bedrooms, similar to part 8 is. And it’s given a market worth for that space. And it goes up little by little yearly. So that you get the advantages of part 8, the place you do have assured earnings coming in, which is very nice. Is that in COVID, ought to any tenants not be capable of pay their a part of the hire, HUD stepped in and paid the complete hire quantity, which was good. So we didn’t run into that challenge, but it surely was simply one other perk of that program.
So you’ve got assured earnings and also you get to decide on the background that you just’re snug with. We actually needed a household in there as a result of we had two bedrooms. We introduced our daughter residence in that unit. We actually needed to assist out a army household. So we did that. So you may select if you would like a single particular person, a household, if you would like no historical past of substance abuse or evictions and issues like that. So you may set your standards as to what sort of tenant you’ll settle for after which they get the appliance course of. You may have a rep from the VA that works with the household or the tenant works with you and it’s very, similar to part 8, but it surely’s just for veterans. So it was an ideal program.
Tony:
What was it like for you as the owner to get added into that VA VASH program? Was it an extended course of? Was it fairly fast and simple? What was the vetting course of so that you can get onboarded?
Lindsey:
In all probability is determined by your notion of simple and fast versus troublesome. It wasn’t dangerous. It wasn’t dangerous. The property needed to meet sure standards for inspections, however we took nice care of that property. We had renovated it throughout the time that we lived there. And it wasn’t that lengthy. Possibly it took six to eight weeks I wish to say, for our utility and inspections to be achieved. So it did sit vacant for a little bit bit and that was okay, but it surely felt good to know that we had been going to do, like I stated, we actually needed to do good with the property that we had. Six to eight weeks I wish to say, with inspections and every part. After which we acquired tenants in there fairly shortly after that. So it wasn’t very fast. It wasn’t tremendous simple. There have been quite a lot of journeys backwards and forwards to the HUD workplace. So if issues like that stress you out, simply be ready for that. However in hindsight, it actually wasn’t that dangerous.
Tony:
And the standard of tenants that you just acquired, you stated that perhaps you wouldn’t do it once more, if I heard you appropriately? what had been among the classes there?
Lindsey:
I might do it once more, simply these, I might do it once more. I believe a part of it too, and this can be a dynamic that home hackers have after they transfer out of a house that was an funding property, but in addition main residence. You set your blood, sweat, tears into these properties. So once you return and also you see tenants not taking nice care of the house, smoking in it, grease stains throughout your kitchen, they had been damaging our doorways and our model new home windows. So it’s tough to look at somebody not beat up your own home a little bit bit, once you’re like, “I introduced my daughter residence in that home, are you able to not?” In order that was only a extra emotional factor. However they had been complaining fairly a bit. They weren’t alleged to be smoking in the home. They might blame everyone for sure issues they usually referred to as us sure names when issues didn’t go their method. So I might do this system once more. Simply at the moment, the tenants had been stressing us
Ashley:
Lindsey, once you did that program, did they pre-screen these folks for you? After which did you do any extra screening on high of that too?
Lindsey:
They did pre-screen the tenants to verify it match the factors that we needed after which they introduced their utility to us and we are able to approve it or deny it. If I recall, we weren’t in a position to meet them in particular person, however we may deny their utility if we needed to at the moment. It might change since then, however at the moment we had been in a position to approve or deny them as tenants as they got here via.
Tony:
Effectively, thanks for introducing us to VASH, Lindsey. I’ve by no means heard of that. Ashley had by no means heard of that. And a part of the explanation this present is so cool is as a result of Ashley and I can be taught new issues and selfishly take them into our personal enterprise. However clearly so many people within the Rookie viewers are going to be profit from listening to about this program as properly.
I wish to transition just a bit bit since you are in a novel, I believe, viewpoint or vantage level versus most of our company, as a result of not solely are you an actual property investor, however you additionally see a ton of quantity as an actual property agent. And there’s been a lot uncertainty this yr round whether or not or not folks ought to get began in actual property investing. If I’m somebody that’s sitting on the sidelines that has zero offers, is now the precise time to purchase? There’s a bunch of worth competitors earlier within the yr after which as that slowed down you noticed rates of interest climb tremendous, tremendous quick. So out of your perspective as each an investor and as an agent, what are your ideas on whether or not or not proper now is an efficient time for brand spanking new buyers to get began?
Lindsey:
Actually good query. After all, this can be a frequent dialog that we’re having and it goes again to what’s extra necessary to you. So we had folks, such as you stated, there was costs getting bit up via the roof. It was so exhausting to get a suggestion accepted. Individuals held off. Okay, as soon as rates of interest began going up, costs got here down, competitors ceased, however individuals are holding off as a result of now rates of interest are too excessive. The actual fact of the matter is, we’re by no means going to have the proper storm of a market the place rates of interest are low or good, costs are steady, there’s much less competitors, you’ve got negotiating energy. One thing has to provide. So the beauty of actual property investing is that it comes again right down to the basics. Does a deal work right now? Sure or no? What’s nice, a bonus about individuals who do wish to get began or proceed their portfolio in right now’s market, they’re pressured to underwrite the deal higher.
Individuals may get away with shopping for not such nice offers earlier this yr and in 2020 as a result of they had been saved by low rates of interest and by costs going up. They’re simply grateful they acquired a deal, as a result of it’s so exhausting to lock one in. At present, you actually need to be sure that the underwriting is strong, that the month-to-month cost, that the money move, that no matter metric you’re monitoring is smart with right now’s rates of interest. If charges go down, implausible, you’ll refinance. You received’t then be having to leap into the market when everybody else is now going to leap again into the market. As a result of then if charges drop, I ask shoppers to promote the time. If charges drop, what do you assume goes to occur? Oh, perhaps costs will return up. Yeah, precisely. After which we’re going to be proper again to you complaining that costs are too excessive, it’s too aggressive and also you wish to wait until it cools off. It’s cooled off.
So you must resolve what makes extra sense for you. And what I believe is nice is that when you lock in a property at right now’s rates of interest, it could possibly solely get higher. As a result of if charges drop, you’ll refinance. In case you purchased when charges had been 3%, two and a half p.c, if you’ll want to refinance proper now for no matter purpose, you in all probability can’t afford that mortgage cost. And also you’re caught with that. And perhaps the property is misplaced worth proper now already. And now you may’t promote that in scale. So I believe you’re truly extra at a greater benefit proper now than folks had been eight months in the past, 9 months in the past, as a result of that market is gone. You’re again to the basics of actual property on this market. So there’s me shopping for alternatives it doesn’t matter what market we’re in. In case you’re an investor, you’re investing, it doesn’t matter what the market’s doing. You’re discovering alternatives in that present local weather and benefiting from it.
Ashley:
I noticed somebody submit that on Instagram a pair weeks in the past, perhaps a month in the past. And possibly was you when you posted, but it surely was an actual property agent. And it significantly hit me, like, oh my gosh, that’s so true, is your, no matter you pay for a property, you’re caught with owing that greenback quantity.
Lindsey:
Sure.
Ashley:
You owe that. So when you’re paying $300,000, it doesn’t matter what the rate of interest is, you’re going to need to pay that in some unspecified time in the future or promote the property and canopy it. However that debt or that money needs to be offered to pay for that property. However when you get that rate of interest, that may change, you may change that rate of interest. So whether or not charges are dropped and also you go and refinance, you discover a non-public cash lender otherwise you do one thing, you do artistic financing, issues like that.
Nevertheless it simply actually, it was like an eye-opening factor for me is, you’re paying rather a lot, you may pay rather a lot much less from time to time, particularly when you’re holding the property, a pair years down the street or nevertheless lengthy down the street when charges do drop goes and refinancing and also you’re going to be rather a lot higher off since you bought that cheaper price. So I’m so glad we touched on that as a result of I believe that’s such a helpful software lesson that everyone can be taught from that is that, the market was scorching, it’s cooling off and rates of interest are excessive, however how lengthy do you, and that’s the factor no one can predict is, how lengthy do you must cowl that top mortgage cost till charges do drop-
Lindsey:
And don’t purchase when you can’t afford it proper now. And we’re additionally getting the sellers to purchase down the rate of interest. We’re negotiating killer offers proper now. I simply negotiated 2-1 buydown, we acquired $50,000 in credit. So the customer can take, I believe they’re doing a 3, 2, 1 purchase down. They’re getting a loopy good rate of interest and this property, they simply would’ve paid over 150 grand extra for it eight months in the past.
Ashley:
Are you able to clarify that? If any individual’s agent isn’t doing that for them, how would they, what’s that course of seem like?
Lindsey:
Effectively, first name us, I’m simply kidding.
However truthfully, so principally, it’s much more probably as a result of sellers are very fearful proper now that they simply need their home offered. And they also’re prepared to, you’ll see some advertising that claims like vendor prepared to purchase down rate of interest, but when they don’t, then yow will discover a method for the customer primarily to get their rate of interest purchase down paid for by the vendor. So once you go to purchase property, in any case, there’s at all times rates of interest that you may lock in. There’s par pricing, which means it will price you zero additional factors. You should utilize lender credit to have much less closing prices out of pocket, however have the next rate of interest or it could possibly purchase down the rate of interest and have a decrease price that’s going to price you extra money. Proper now we’re in a position to get the vendor to pay it down.
And there’s a program that was not too long ago launched referred to as the 2-1 buydown. It’s not an adjustable price mortgage. Mainly it’s saying, hey, charges right now are 6%, we’ll do 6% for simple math. For the primary yr that you just personal the property, you’re going to have 4% rate of interest. The second yr you personal the property, you’re at a 5% rate of interest. 12 months three, you go to six%. There’s no prepayment penalty and it’s not an adjustable price the place you’re topic to the market price at the moment. So in three years, if charges are 10%, 11%, 12%, we are able to’t even fathom that. However charges have been there. Charges had been at 18% at one level. However so it’s not an adjustable price mortgage, however you might be primarily having the vendor pay the curiosity upfront so that you can have a decrease rate of interest for the primary two years that you just personal the property. Actually highly effective.
So you must qualify for the mortgage at right now’s rates of interest. It’s not a method for the customer to have the ability to purchase extra or qualify for it, which I believe is a very necessary level to differentiate. It’s not like, “Oh, I can afford this at 4% rate of interest if we get the 2-1 buydown.” No, you must qualify for the mortgage at right now’s rates of interest. You benefit from having a decrease mortgage cost as a result of you’ve got a decrease rate of interest for the primary two years that you just personal the property. So it’s nice for brief time period rental house owners as a result of this solely works for main residence consumers and second residence loans. So when you’re doing a second residence mortgage for a short-term rental, you primarily can have two years of a decrease rate of interest, paid for by the vendor, once more. And you may stand up to, perhaps if we have now a downturn or market slows a little bit bit, you bought your itemizing up and operating, you may in all probability enhance your money move for the primary couple of years you personal the property by having this program.
So we’re getting this paid for by the vendor and we’re getting a cheaper price than listing worth. A listing worth is not a beginning bid. Record worth is a suggestion now. And we’re saying, okay, is there a quantity that you must hit to make this deal be just right for you? Let’s provide that. Let’s not be offensive, however let’s see what they arrive again with. And now we have now wholesome negotiations occurring once more. I like this market as a result of we have now negotiations. Each purchaser and vendor need to compromise and provides a little bit bit. Nobody’s actually having the complete benefit proper now, which I believe it means a wholesome market.
Ashley:
Lindsey, how a lot does that purchase down usually price? Have you ever seen that it’s, I’m positive it in all probability varies from the lender, however is there a typical proportion of the acquisition worth or what does that price truly seem like?
Lindsey:
Usually, what we’re seeing, and I’m not a lender. Speak to Dave’s lending staff. The one brokerage, they’re implausible at this. However usually we’re seeing wherever from two and a half to three% of the acquisition worth be sufficient for the 2-1 buydown.
Ashley:
Superior.
Lindsey:
So it’s hefty. Typically we’ll work that into the gross sales worth if it really works. We’ll inform a vendor, Hey, we’re going to take a bit of your revenue for the closing price credit score, however we’re going so as to add that again in to the acquisition worth indirectly to make it a win for everyone.
Ashley:
It’s superb to me how artistic you may truly get with simply your common in the marketplace financial institution financing offers. I imply, you hear artistic financing rather a lot, however that’s normally off market vendor financing, various things which are achieved with the artistic financing. However there actually are so some ways to get artistic with conventional financial institution financing too. It’s at all times nice to listen to.
Lindsey:
It’s enjoyable.
Ashley:
And be taught extra about.
Tony:
Effectively Linda, you’ve been like a wealth of data and I’ve actually loved this dialog, however I might like to get us to our Rookie request line. That method our listeners can poke into that mind [inaudible 00:37:38] of yours and get some extra info on how I can preserve shifting. So superior. So when you guys are listening, you wish to get your query featured on the Actual Property Rookie podcast, give us a name at 8885 rookie. And if the query is an efficient one, we simply may apply it to the episode. So Lindsey, are you prepared for right now’s query?
Lindsey:
I’m prepared.
Tony:
All proper, superior. So right now’s query comes from Schmidt, simply the primary identify, like Oprah. I can’t discover a deal wherever. I do reside in North Carolina, in all probability one of many hottest markets. I assume my query is, how ought to I begin? Ought to I attempt to get a apartment that’s overpriced and has an HOA restriction on renting and simply begin there so I can begin constructing fairness after which transfer ahead as soon as the market cools off in a few years? I’m 30, so I wish to get began sooner reasonably than later. But in addition my query is, do you guys assume I ought to up and transfer? I work distant so I can transfer to a rural city that has an up and coming market, and begin someplace with decrease costs. I’ve funding, I’ve been saving for years, however my comfortability is extraordinarily low. I do plan a home hack and would love to listen to your response. So what’s your recommendation, Lindsey, for Schmidt?
Lindsey:
It is a nice query and instantly midway via the query because it was occurring, I’m considering, you want to have the ability to make some changes and sacrifice. So I like that he’s open to shifting. I don’t know when you essentially need to. I believe it’s going to rely on what he thinks goes to be a greater “deal” for him. Is he searching for money move when he turns this right into a rental or is he trying to let this cease the bleeding of hire and scale with fairness, construct faster? If it’s fairness place, then I might counsel staying the place he’s and shopping for the apartment that he feels is overpriced. You could possibly in all probability get a very good worth proper now. And if realtors are telling you that, “No, it’s too scorching,” discover one other realtor that’s a very good negotiator. Expertise guys, goes to be extra necessary on this market than ever.
You should have somebody representing you with the talents to get the negotiations achieved. So actually be conscious of that as you’re looking for somebody that can assist you. But when he’s searching for fairness, I might counsel staying the place he’s and discover the perfect deal that he can. Recommend residing in one thing that wants some work, add worth to it over time. Don’t be afraid to get your palms soiled. You don’t need to reside within the nicest and finest unit and the perfect a part of city. You wish to reside in a very good a part of city, have a unit that you may add worth to over time that’s going to maximise the fairness potential that may put you able to scale down the street. Both it’s one other home hack or shopping for extra rental properties or what have you ever. If he’s searching for much less out of pocket, additionally is determined by his price range too. So it’s going to be one other state of affairs that I don’t have info on.
But when he’s eager to be extra price conscientious and purchase at a decrease barrier to entry, then shifting for a brief time period in an space that’s rising, space that has inhabitants development, job development alternatives, one thing that he can do if it’s close to a college, if it’s close to a hospital the place you’ve got a number of additional methods for that property sooner or later to carry onto as a rental, long-term rental, midterm rental, short-term rental, that’s going to be one other nice avenue too. So it relies upon upon what he desires to get out of this primary deal and the place he desires to be the following three to 5 years. I don’t have that from him. I would wish a deeper dialog, and your realtor must be asking you a similar factor.
However I hope that at the very least provides him a bit extra of an thought on which course to go. However I like that he’s open and never saying, “No, actual property doesn’t work. I’m going to maintain on renting and I’m simply going to carry off till the market goes down or what or whatnot. I used to be simply getting in now, negotiating an ideal deal.” And simply deciding what you need this deal to work and the way you need it to be just right for you.
Ashley:
And what, I do love the questions too, the place any individual has choices. What’s a greater place you can be in than having totally different choices? So, congrats to Schmidt for eager to get in, began in actual property investing and having these choices. So that you’ll have to put in writing for us within the Actual Property Rookie Fb group and tell us what you find yourself doing. Okay, Lindsey, are you prepared for our rookie examination?
Lindsey:
I believe so. I haven’t studied, however I believe I’m prepared. I’ll be okay.
Ashley:
What’s one actionable factor rookies ought to do after listening to this episode?
Lindsey:
Oh, I’ve a two half to this and so I hope that I don’t get disqualified right here. So half one in every of this, I need everybody to actually take an sincere stock about the place they’re getting their info from. There may be such a hype of spreading worry, spreading the headlines that elicit a response and individuals are making choices on their investing and their long-term targets primarily based on these headlines. And so, if somebody’s listening to you guys, in the event that they’re listening to Rookie, Greater Pockets, they’re concerned in these type of discussions, they’re already a step forward, which is nice. However simply be conscious of the place you’re getting your content material from proper now and who you’re permitting to affect your choices on investing. As a result of these information articles, these sources, they wish to make you’re feeling a sure method. They need you to assume a sure method. So nearly attempt to consider once you learn one thing, have some discernment.
Is that this benefiting me? How are they benefiting from sharing this info with me? And simply ensuring that you just’re not making any emotional choices in your investing primarily based on mass media. I believe that’s a entice that I can see lots of people who’re nervous about getting began in investing falling into. I’m not saying don’t be ready, don’t be well-informed, however simply actually attempt to have some discernment once you’re deciding who you’re going to permit to affect your choices shifting ahead into 2023. Half two to that can also be to judge your circle. I do know from private expertise. I’m partnered with David Greene. That has achieved great issues for me in my journey. And I do know that when you took an sincere stock of who you’re permitting to spend so much of time with you, whose affect, whose opinions and is influencing you, actually attempt to consider, are these folks serving me?
They could be properly supposed, they’re in all probability very properly supposed, however perhaps they simply don’t get it proper. Possibly they simply don’t have the identical targets or imaginative and prescient that you’ve. So actually consider who you’re permitting to additionally affect you personally and look to raise your circle in 2023. Meetups are nice. I only in the near past joined GoBundance Girls. I’m tremendous enthusiastic about that. I do know I must elevate my circle of those that I look to for inspiration. So two elements to that, simply be conscious of who you’re permitting to affect you and be intentional about that on this yr.
Tony:
Completely love that reply. I like that reply. Your circle and the folks you encompass your self with have such an enormous affect on you each consciously and subconsciously. So I believe all of us must be extra intentional about who we let into our lives and who we allowed to affect us. So love that. All proper, query quantity two, what’s one software, software program app or system that you just use in your enterprise?
Lindsey:
One thing I ought to use higher as my CRM? , as you’re getting leads, whether or not that be for offers for shoppers, you really want to maintain monitor of every part. And usually, us entrepreneurs usually are not very organized. And we hear CRM and we simply, I averted it. I’m like, “No, my notepad and paperwork’s simply fantastic.” However we use a CRM referred to as Brivity, and I don’t use it to its potential, however that’s at the very least helped me keep organized and centered. After which by way of quick time period leases with automation and evaluation, I like PriceLabs and I like, PriceLabs, I believe is what I take advantage of to research offers. After which Guesty for automation and taking that off my plate in order that issues don’t slip via the cracks and my City B company don’t really feel as accommodated as a result of I didn’t message them immediately or issues like that. So these two, I gave you three, I’m sorry. I’m hoping for additional credit score right here. I’m providing you with [inaudible 00:45:44].
Tony:
That’s fantastic. Completely fantastic.
Ashley:
Lindsey, along with your CRM, what are some stuff you monitor in it apart from simply the particular person’s identify and cellphone quantity? I’m simply curious as a result of my birthday was a month in the past and I acquired a textual content message from this mortgage officer that I’m utilizing that advised me, “Pleased birthday, I hope you’ve got an ideal day.” And I used to be similar to, okay, that is tremendous random. Is that this one thing he tracks and texts all of his shoppers or that, I’m simply his favourite consumer and he occurred to see it was my birthday right now on a mortgage doc.
Lindsey:
Possibly ship me a duplicate of that textual content and I can say if it’s a template or not.
So actually good query. I monitor necessary milestones and I monitor what they inform me. In the event that they inform me that they’re occurring trip, in the event that they inform me that they’ve massive targets to renovate the home that they’re in, or that is the place they wish to be in a yr from now, I monitor what’s necessary to them within the dialog. There’s a observe part for each name that you just make to prospects or a consumer. And that method, once I observe again up with them, I can relate to that. I can ask them a follow-up query in order that they really feel, they usually can see that I cared sufficient to keep in mind that.
And I get pulled in so many alternative instructions. My mind is at all times going one million miles a minute with our staff and every part. So having these trackers about factors of the dialog that I wish to discuss with later, subsequent time I name them once more, is absolutely necessary. After which any objections that they’ve, I prefer to share that so I can be sure I tackle their private objections and fears and never simply blanket them with everybody else’s issues too, so I can converse to them extra on a person foundation.
Ashley:
I believe that’s actually superior proper there. And I believe this doesn’t even simply apply to shoppers, it’s simply networking usually, goes to conferences, occasions, and writing these notes about any individual. What did they speak about? What made them mild up, what excited them? So holding monitor of these issues in order that once you do observe up with them or see them once more, you’re going to be, they’re going to recollect you since you remembered one thing about them too. And it’s going to make you stand out to them in comparison with any individual who’s simply, “Oh hello, good to see you once more. Do you keep in mind me from this convention?” After which any individual else who’s going, “Oh, how did your daughter like that automotive she ended up shopping for?” Or one thing like that.
Lindsey:
Or who’re you trying to meet? I like asking folks, who’re you trying to meet? Who can I introduce you to?
Ashley:
That’s one other nice level, that connection, being the connector. The matchmaker.
Lindsey:
Sure, completely.
Ashley:
Okay, so final query. The place do you propose on being in 5 years?
Lindsey:
I like and hate this query a lot as a result of when you advised me 5 years in the past I might be partnering with David Greene and operating this massive actual property staff and having a portfolio, I’d be like, “You’re nuts. You’re loopy.” So I like this query, however I’m additionally like, “I do not know.” So if I needed to guess or targets that I’ve for myself and our household, I need my actual property staff to be thriving. We’d like to hit 200 million yearly. We’re serving so many individuals. Our mission is to assist everybody construct wealth via actual property. Easy. So I actually wish to maximize that and develop and alternatives that include that.
Personally, for our portfolio, I wish to get into different asset lessons. I’d like to get into self-storage. I’d like to get into different industrial areas which are going to have increasingly more alternative as issues begin, proceed to shift. And I’m open to receiving leads or whatnot for these totally different concepts. I wish to have a medium dimension rental portfolio. We’re extra easy. I don’t need an enormous portfolio. I’d reasonably have a handful of fine performing properties and pivoting as essential to preserve that going. I don’t wish to over complicate my life trying to simplify it. So I’d like to have a very good handful, perhaps 10 to fifteen properties which are performing and performing properly and now stepping into different kinds of companies and industrial asset lessons.
After which I’d like to, that is foolish, and also you guys may chuckle, however I might like to reside on a farm. I wish to purchase land and we wish to construct a endlessly residence, and I wish to have the chickens and the goats and all of the issues, and only a easy life. I might love that. So if I can try this within the subsequent 5 years and educate my children develop their very own meals and be self-sustainable, I might love that.
Ashley:
Effectively, I can’t chuckle as a result of I reside on a farm.
Lindsey:
I’m jealous. I like that life.
Ashley:
It’s a really, very working farm. We simply have dairy cows. There’s no chickens, there’s no pigs. My nieces will typically elevate a pig and we preserve them at our barn. Nevertheless it’s not the interest farm, I assume, the place you’ve got all of the cool animals and issues like that.
Lindsey:
I might love that although.
Ashley:
No backyard, actually. Simply crops to feed the cows.
Tony:
I’ve by no means felt extra neglected for not residing on a farm in my life.
Ashley:
However you reside close to the cows?
Tony:
I do reside close to. There are some dairy cows which are close to me. I’m not too far.
Lindsey:
Hey Tony. I’m from California too, so that you by no means know. It’s possible you’ll get uncovered to farm life and be like, “I like this.”
Tony:
Fall in love with it.
Lindsey:
Precisely.
Tony:
Effectively these are nice solutions. You handed the examination with flying colours, Lindsey, as I assumed you’ll. In order we wrap issues up, I do wish to give a shout-out to this week’s Rookie rockstar, which is David Lengthy, and David says, ‘Seven years in the past right now at age 25, I purchased my first rental property. It was 4 models stuffed with drug sellers, which I didn’t know on the time. Proper after closing, I drove right down to the constructing crammed with drug sellers, collected all of the hire and money, but it surely modified my life endlessly. I give up my job at 30 and by no means regarded again. Now I make my very own schedule. I began doing social media content material creation, which I had no thought how a lot I favored or how profitable it may be. Actual property opens so many doorways when you may take probabilities that wouldn’t be attainable being caught at a desk all day. I now personal 11 buildings with 31 models.” So David Lengthy, congratulations. That’s a tremendous story. Love listening to the success.
Lindsey:
Why we do what we do. That fuels me, that will get me so excited. I like tales like that, and anybody can attain it. It’s not out of attain, actually, and I like that.
Ashley:
Effectively, Lindsey, thanks a lot for becoming a member of us right now. Are you able to let everybody know the place they’ll attain out to you and discover out some extra details about you?
Lindsey:
Completely. So I’m heavy on Instagram. That’s in all probability the easiest way to get to know me a little bit bit higher. I put out quite a lot of content material. I’m not nice at reels. Tony and his staff are simply, you guys are all great on the fancy reels. I simply, I do tales and I share quite a lot of stuff with what I shared right here on the podcast right now, I prefer to share nearly day by day on my Instagram, so discover me there. My deal with is lindseyiskierkarealtor, and I’m additionally on Greater Pockets, so you may attain out to me there as properly. However I’m actually heavy on Instagram. It’s in all probability going to be the easiest way to get ahold of me. In case you guys wish to speak to me and our staff in any respect, you may go to [email protected] and we’ll be sure you guys get arrange with an ideal agent that can assist you accomplish your targets.
Ashley:
Lindsey, thanks a lot for becoming a member of us. We actually appreciated all the worth that you just had for us and to our listeners. We positively discovered some new issues right now and we actually recognize you taking the time to share that with us.
Lindsey:
Oh, this was enjoyable.
Ashley:
I’m Ashley at WealthFromRentals and he’s Tony at TonyJRobinson. And thanks guys a lot for becoming a member of us. We shall be again on Saturday with a Rookie reply.
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Notice By BiggerPockets: These are opinions written by the writer and don’t essentially symbolize the opinions of BiggerPockets.
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